The new treatise was necessary because the copyright to the supplement to the 3rd, which included Thomson's excellent treatise, was not owned by Britannica. It was apparently rushed to completion with volume 6, which contained the rest of the alphabet, viz: Constable also produced the sixth edition, which was completed in May, 1823. Three of the engravings in the section on midwifery, depicting childbirth in clinical detail, were sufficiently shocking to prompt some readers to tear those engravings out of the volume.[4]. Tytler wrote many science and history articles and almost all of the minor articles; by Robert Burns' estimate, Tytler wrote over three-quarters of the second edition. Presumably, this recent increase reflects the introduction of efficient electronic indexing, since the size of the encyclopedia has remained nearly constant at approximately 40 million words from 1954 to the present and far less than 40% of the encyclopedia has changed from 1985 to 2007. 28. [10] Perhaps because of this, the Britannica encountered financial difficulties, whereupon it was licensed to Sears Roebuck and Co. of Chicago, who issued a physically smaller but complete version known as the "handy edition," with each volume almost pocket-sized. Please refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions. Sales of both of these were disappointing — inability to compete with Wikipedia is mentioned. Home >> Encyclopedia-britannica-vol-23-vase-zygote >> John Wilson to Samuel 1830 1915 Whitbread >> Ment 1930_P1 Ment 1930 house, elected, legislature, governor and court The 7th edition, when complete, went on sale for £24 per set. Robert Louis Stevenson, then 25, contributed an article about Robert Burns that, being unenthusiastic, was never printed. Although there is some debate about the reliability of the statistics, it is widely agreed that the unemployment rate exceeded 20 percent at its highest point. I wrote most of it, my lad, and snipped out from books enough material for the printer. Although Sears' handy set was successful in 1915–1916, sales dropped significantly when the United States entered World War I. The recovery from the Great Depression was spurred largely by the abandonment of the gold standard and the ensuing monetary expansion. Jul 9 '20. Great Depression, worldwide economic downturn that began in 1929 and lasted until about 1939. To edit the supplement, Constable hired Macvey Napier, who recruited other eminent contributors such as Sir Humphry Davy, Jean-Baptiste Biot, John Stuart Mill, William Hazlitt, David Ricardo, and Thomas Malthus. It was the longest and most severe depression ever experienced by the industrialized Western world, sparking fundamental changes in economic institutions, macroeconomic policy, and economic theory. In all, there were 344 contributors, including Lord Macaulay, Charles Kingsley, Robert Chambers, the Rev. £78.00 + P&P. Volume 10, published in 1783 after the Revolutionary War was over, gives in the entry for Virginia: "Virginia, late one of the British colonies, now one of the United States of North America..."[12] but the entry in Volume 2 for Boston, published in 1778, states, "Boston, the capital of New England in North America, ....The following is a description of this capital before the commencement of the present American war."[13]. The Depression affected virtually every country of the world. The prices of primary commodities traded in world markets declined even more dramatically during this period. And the attempting to enforce this by other acts of Parliament, penalties, and at last by military power, gave rise, as is well known, to the present revolt of our colonies. Even those in the United States who kept their jobs watched their incomes shrink by a third. In 1926, the Britannica released three new volumes covering the history of 1910–1926, which were intended to supplant those of the twelfth edition. Free P&P . Activity Questions Answers. Web. Treat him as a gentleman and one had no trouble with him; treat him as an essentially dishonest ranker and one got all the trouble there was to get. An analysis of the Britannica's articles suggested that roughly 75% required only occasional revising, whereas 25% required revision every 1–3 years. The causes of the Revolution are outlined concisely by Tytler in the article "Colonies" thus: Because several of the colonies had claimed the soul and exclusive right of imposing taxes upon themselves, the statute 6 Geo. ", Unfortunately, Constable went bankrupt on 19 January 1826 and the rights to the Britannica were sold on auction; they were eventually bought on 16 July 1828 for 6150 pounds sterling by a partnership of four men: Adam Black (a publisher), Alexander Wight (a banker), Abram Thomson (a bookbinder) and Thomas Allen, the proprietor of the Caledonian Mercury. Eighty-five million people a week crowded movie theaters across America to escape their sometimes desperate financial situations. Output grew rapidly in the mid-1930s: real GDP rose at an average rate of 9 percent per year between 1933 and 1937. Add new page. Powell also introduced the Library Research Service (1936), in which owners of the Britannica could write to have their personal questions researched and answered by the editorial staff. In most affected countries, the Great Depression was technically over by 1933, meaning that by then their economies had started to recover. [32] The 11th edition retained the high scholarship and eminent contributors that marked the 9th edition, but tempered that scholarship with shorter, simpler articles that were more intelligible to lay-readers. After ending publication of its print edition, which at the end supplied only 1% of the company's revenue,[51] it hoped to transition to a CD or online version. It's probable that the 6th edition only exists because of the need to remove the long s, which had gone out of style, from the font, which required the whole encyclopedia to be re-typeset. Alicja Zelazko. 3,430 Pages. Thomas Thomson, who wrote Chemistry for the 3rd edition supplement 40 years earlier, was recruited to write that article again for the 7th edition. Smellie wrote most of the first edition, borrowing liberally from the authors of his era, including Voltaire, Benjamin Franklin, Alexander Pope and Samuel Johnson. [3] On the occasion of the 200th anniversary of the 1st edition, Encyclopædia Britannica Inc. published a facsimile of the 1st edition, even including "age spots" on the paper. Books, Maps, Manuscripts & Ephemera Religion. lasted for exactly 777 days. Britannica had sold its Compton's interests to the Tribune Company in 1993, and for a time Compton's Encyclopedia was a product of The Learning Company, which purchased Brøderbund in 1998. Recruited by Gleig, several illustrious authorities contributed to this edition, such as Dr. Thomas Thomson, who introduced modern chemical nomenclature in a chart appended to the Chemistry article,[15] and would go on to re-write that article in the 1801 supplement (see below), and John Robison, Secretary of the Royal Society of Edinburgh, who wrote several well-regarded articles on sciences then called natural philosophy. Macfarquhar again edited this edition up to "Mysteries" but died in 1793 (aged 48) of "mental exhaustion"; his work was taken over by George Gleig, later Bishop Gleig of Brechin (consecrated 30 October 1808). The majority of copy in the 4th edition, however, is unchanged from the 3rd. Not long after, Black bought out his partners and ownership of the Britannica passed to the Edinburgh publishing firm of A & C Black.[8]. 1930. [10] There were roughly 1100 contributors altogether,[23] a handful of whom were women; this edition was also the first to include a significant article about women ("Women, Law Relating to"). In addition to American unauthorized copies, there were American supplements which were written to be appended to authorized copies of Britannica. SOURCES "Ohio Gang | American Politicians." the copyrighted articles are listed at the front of each volume of the Scribner's sets, The Publishers' Weekly No. Implementation of the New Deal in the U.S. and welfare-state policies internationally, Increased government oversight of financial markets by the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission and other new regulatory agencies, Precipitous decline in standards of living around the world, Up to 25% unemployment in industrialized countries in the early 1930s. Presentation Software.N.p., n.d. The second edition improved greatly upon the 1st, but is still notable for the large amount of now-archaic information it contained. "[27], Horace Everett Hooper was an American businessman, and a close associate of James Clarke, one of the leading American bootleggers. filter by provider show all Bitsch 2005 Land and Fernald 1992 Mineralogy Morehouse et al 2017 United States Species List. Add as new question. It had not printed any new sets since 2010. 1 Technology 2 International issues 3 Literature and art 4 Popular culture 5 Disasters 6 Others 7 World leaders 8 References and notes In 1936, Professor Henry Walton Jones Jr. retrieves the Golden Idol of Fertility in Peru. Sales figures for the 11th edition were comparable to those of the 9th, which sold hundreds of thousands of copies including the unlicensed sets. (2) Banking panics in the early 1930s caused many banks to fail, decreasing the pool of money available for loans. [5] A pagination error caused page 8000 to follow page 7099. The index was 187 pages, and was either bound alone as an unnumbered thin volume, or was bound together with volume I. The first number appeared on 10 December 1768 in Edinburgh, priced sixpence or 8 pence on finer paper. Powell also conceived the Britannica's "Book of the Year", in which a single volume would be released every year covering the developments of the previous year, particularly in rapidly changing fields such as science, technology, culture and politics. The interstices of the pit were then carefully filled up with the fresh mould, so that the earth might everywhere come in contact with the patient's body. The supplement to the 4th/5th/6th edition addressed the issue of updates in a clumsy way, often referring back to the encyclopedia, essentially making the reader look everything up twice. Thus, the Propædia was intended to be the road-map of all knowledge, within which every fact, technique, and theory could be organized. It currently is out of print and sold out. Completed in 1817, the fifth edition sold for 36 pounds sterling (2011: £2,200) and consisted of 20 volumes with 16,017 pages and 582 plates. Even after the Tenth edition was published, some American infringement companies were still printing thousands of copies of the Ninth without the supplements. Compared to the 8th edition, the 9th was far more luxurious, with thick boards and high-quality leather bindings, premier paper, and a production which took full advantage of the technological advances in printing in the years between the 1850s and 1870s. By 1930 it was clear that Britain’s economic problems could no longer be attributed to the disruption of the First World War. The 79-page "Agriculture" of the 3rd was entirely and excellently re-written, and is 225 pages, for the 4th edition. With pastepot and scissors I composed it! Why don't you make a gift of the Britannica to the University of Chicago? 1930 in the United States‎ (2 P) 1932 in the United States‎ (3 P) 1933 in the United States‎ (3 P) 1935 in the United States‎ (4 P) N New Deal‎ (6 P) 1930s in New York (state)‎ (1 C, 2 P) 1930s in North Carolina‎ (1 C, 2 P) Pages in category "1930s in the United States" The following 8 pages are in this category, out of 8 total. The passage of a few years led to a better perspective on that era. Rosenwald died in 1932, and General Robert E. Wood took over; Cox was removed as publisher and the Secretary-Treasurer of Sears, Elkan Harrison Powell, was installed as the new President of the Britannica. The American editors who write short in-house articles are ignorant and parochial...The Encyclopædia Britannica is a publication so contemptuous of Britain, the land of its birth, that it cannot be bothered to ascertain correct usage when speaking of the Thames, a publication so insular as to give an entry to Alan Whicker but none to Lords Carrington or Whitelaw. It was sold to subscribers in monthly "parts" of around 133 pages each, at 6 shilling per part, with 6 parts combined into 800 page volumes for 36 shillings. [30] The advertising campaign was remarkably successful; over 70,000 sets were sold, bringing in over £600,000 pounds profit. The following is Britannica's description of the work:[44]. Encyclopedia Wikia. Web. Sometimes called the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica, this edition is still highly regarded for its lucid explanations of scholarly subjects. Some copies of this version say they were printed by Werner, also of Chicago, and from 1902 to 1907 Werner printed the commonly found "New Werner Edition," of 30 volumes (24 volumes plus 5 New American Supplement volumes and a new index for all 29 volumes). Microsoft responded by using content from Funk & Wagnalls Standard Encyclopedia to create what is now known as Encarta.[45]. The 9th edition was a critical success, and roughly 8,500 sets were sold in Britain. When finished in 1784, complete sets were sold at Charles Elliot's book shop in Edinburgh for 10 pounds, unbound. Category:1930. The advertising was clearly targeted at middle and lower-middle-class people seeking to improve themselves. As with the 3rd edition, in which title pages were not printed until the set was complete, and all volumes were given title pages dated 1797, title pages for the 4th edition were sent to bookbinders in 1810, dated that year for all volumes. Updates? The country did not slip into severe depression, however, until early 1930, and its peak-to-trough decline in industrial production was roughly one-third that of the United States. The 3rd edition is also famous for its bold article on "Motion", which erroneously rejects Isaac Newton's theory of gravitation. Britannica Book of the Year 1978 Hardback Book The Cheap Fast Free Post. Webster's Ninth New Collegiate Dictionary, 1991, under the word geology. The Book of Knowledge - Pictured Encyclopedia Wheeler 1930's Full set of 8. Please select which sections you would like to print: While every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies. This led to the popular joke: "The Times is behind the Encyclopædia Britannica and the Encyclopædia Britannica is behind the times. Almost no changes were made to the text, it was basically a remake of the 5th with very minor updates. They cannot buy businesses. In March 2002 Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. "acquired an exclusive license to publish and distribute Compton's Encyclopedia in print and CD-ROM from Broderbund LLC and Success Publishing Group". XII". The Supplement to the 5th edition was finished in 1824, and was sold with those sets, as well as with sets of the 6th edition, to be delivered at its completion. 1930s Encyclopedia Britannica 24-Volume Set. 18 Dec. 2015. [10] After failing to win over Oxford University, Hooper managed to secure Cambridge University as a new sponsor; thus, the 11th edition was published initially by Cambridge University Press, and scholars from Cambridge University were allowed to review the text and veto any overly aggressive advertising. The maps are all reprinted from the 7th edition, even the ones that should have been updated. Smellie strove to make Britannica as usable as possible, saying that "utility ought to be the principal intention of every publication. To secure the copyrights for the 3rd edition supplement, Constable gave Bonar a one-third stake in the Britannica; after Bonar's death in 1814, Constable bought his rights to the Britannica for 4,500 pounds sterling.[4]. Author of. Seller 100% positive. The first "American" encyclopedia, Dobson's Encyclopædia, was based almost entirely on the 3rd edition of the Britannica and published at nearly the same time (1788–1798), together with an analogous supplement (1803), by the Scottish-born printer, Thomas Dobson. If the Encyclopædia Britannica shall in any degree counteract the tendency of that pestiferous work, even these two volumes will not be wholly unworthy of your Majesty's attention.[6]. The sales personnel earned commissions from door-to-door selling of the print encyclopedias, which McHenry believes led to decisions about the distribution and pricing of the electronic products being driven by the desires of the sales personnel rather than market conditions and customer expectations.[50]. Many illustrious contributors were recruited to this edition, including Sir David Brewster, Thomas de Quincey, Antonio Panizzi and Robert Stephenson. seth-briar. Forbes, was issued in 1856, in a separate quarto volume, "gratis, along with Vol. Unlike the 15th edition, it did not contain Macro- and Micropedia sections, but ran A through Z as all editions up to the 14th had. In 1941, Sears offered the rights to the Britannica as a gift to the University of Chicago. His widow Helen Hemingway Benton continued to publish the Britannica until her own death in 1974. The numbers were bound in three equally sized volumes covering A–B, C–L, and M–Z; an estimated 3,000 sets were eventually sold, priced at 12 pounds sterling apiece. Cox argued forcefully for a new fourteenth edition, pointing out that the eleventh edition (the bulk of the twelfth and thirteenth editions) was badly out of date. Britannica by the 6th edition was in some regards hopelessly out of date. While some less-developed countries experienced severe depressions, others, such as Argentina and Brazil, experienced comparatively mild downturns. Virtually every industrialized country endured declines in wholesale prices of 30 percent or more between 1929 and 1933. Britannica Visual Dictionary by Encyclopaedia Britannica Hardback Book The Cheap. Encyclopædia Britannica 6th edition, 1823, printed for Archibald Constable and Company, Edinburgh. Evolution was listed for the first time, in the wake of Charles Darwin's writings, but the subject was treated as if still controversial, and a complete working of the subject would have to wait for the 11th edition. The story of this offer was recounted at the bicentennial banquet of the Encyclopædia Britannica[37], It was after lunch on the afternoon of December 9, 1941 that General Robert E. Wood, Chairman of Sears, Roebuck and William Benton, then vice-president of the University of Chicago, were discussing the attack on Pearl Harbor which had occurred two days earlier. Encyclopedia Britannica. In addition, some long articles appear for the first time in the 4th edition. The lack of an index and the unusual organization into two sets of alphabetically organized articles provoked much criticism. By signing up for this email, you are agreeing to news, offers, and information from Encyclopaedia Britannica. In recent years, digital versions of the Britannica have been developed, both online and on optical media. Who that is old enough does not remember the "campaign" of 1903, the insidious payment by instalments, the sets dumped at your door, bookcase and all, on receipt of a guinea, the scholarships, the competition questions, the reply-paid telegrams pursuing you to the innermost sanctuary of your home ("From my bath I curse you", one man wired back! It was published in 40 half-volume parts, priced 16 shillings in boards (32 pounds for the set). By 1996 the price of the CD-ROM had dropped to $200, and sales had dropped to $325 million—about half of their 1990 levels. Home People of the 1930s Culture of the 1930s Events of the 1930s go to people. The supplement to the 3rd edition contained updates which were not included in it, and which had become dated themselves anyway, the 4th edition expanded the text somewhat but revised very little, and the 5th and 6th were just reprints of the 4th. Encyclopædia Britannica, second edition. Although this edition has been faulted for its imperfect scholarship, Smellie argued that the Britannica should be given the benefit of the doubt: With regard to errors in general, whether falling under the denomination of mental, typographical or accidental, we are conscious of being able to point out a greater number than any critic whatever. In 1896, Scribner's Sons, which had claimed US copyright on many of the articles, obtained court orders to shut down bootlegger operations, some of whose printing plates were melted down as part of the enforcement. £20.99. Ring in the new year with a Britannica Membership, Culture and society in the Great Depression, https://www.britannica.com/event/Great-Depression, The Canadian Encyclopedia - Great Depression, Great Depression - Children's Encyclopedia (Ages 8-11), Great Depression - Student Encyclopedia (Ages 11 and up), Banking panics and bank failures in the U.S. and elsewhere in 1930-33, A monumental decline in spending that generated a decline in production, Decision-making by the U.S. Federal Reserve that caused declines in the money supply, Excessive stock-market speculation in the U.S. that resulted in the Great Crash of 1929, Maintenance of the international gold standard, The Smoot-Hawley Tariff Act and other protectionist trade policies, End of the international gold standard by the late 1930s. (4) The Smoot-Hawley Tariff Act (1930) imposed steep tariffs on many industrial and agricultural goods, inviting retaliatory measures that ultimately reduced output and caused global trade to contract. Volume 2, in 6 parts, was the beginning of alphabetical listings. The long s started being phased out of English publications shortly after the turn of the 19th century, and by 1817 it was archaic. Other people alleged to have copied the 9th edition included John Wanamaker and the Reverend Isaac Kaufmann Funk of the Funk and Wagnalls encyclopedia. Charles Merivale, Dr. Joseph Dalton Hooker, Baron Robert Bunsen, Sir John Herschel, Professors Richard Owen, John Stuart Blackie and William Thomson (Lord Kelvin). [4] In all, there were roughly 3500 named contributors, of which roughly half were American. The articles describing World War I and the political changes brought about by it took up a large portion of the supplement, but articles on such things as radio (still called wireless telephony) are informative. About 15 million Americans were jobless and almost half the United States' banks had failed by 1933. When Dr. Traill fell ill, he was assisted by a young Scottish philosopher, John Downes. Some long articles were carried over from the 7th edition, but most were completely re-written, and new articles by illustrious contributors were added. This is mainly due to the increase in population of, and sales in, the United States, which were mere colonies with low population when Britannica started out in 1768. There may be differences of opinion about the morality of republishing a work here that is copyrighted abroad; but the public policy of this country, as respects the subject, is in favor of such replication...It is supposed to have an influence upon the advance of learning and intelligence. Peter Mark Roget, compiler of the famous Roget's Thesaurus and a former secretary of the Royal Society, contributed the entry for physiology. This shift accommodated the American business strategy of popularizing the Britannica for a mass market, while still retaining its quality as a reference work. Although the advertisement claimed that these articles would be included in this manner, they were not, and the author of the preface to the 7th edition states that none of this material entered the main body until that edition, and even gives a list of the articles which were.[21]. [5] For example, the prices of coffee, cotton, silk, and rubber were reduced by roughly half just between September 1929 and December 1930. Scribner's volumes and Hall volumes were often mixed together in sets by N.Y. distributors and sold this way as they were interchangeable, and such sets are still found this way. Wikimedia Commons has media related to 1930. (3) In the United States, greatly increased military spending in the years before the country’s entry into World War II helped to reduce unemployment to below its pre-Depression level by 1942, again increasing aggregate demand. geographic distribution includes . In 1922, a 3-volume supplement to the eleventh edition was released that summarized the developments just before, during and after World War I; these three volumes, taken together with the eleventh edition of 1910, became known as the twelfth edition. Some of the plates have very minor revisions, but they are all basically Bell's work from the 4th or earlier editions, and these new names were probably added for business reasons involving copyright royalties. At the same time, the number of Micropædia volumes was increased from 10 to the present 12 volumes, although the number of articles was reduced from 102,214 to roughly 65,000. The first encyclopedia to include biographies of living people was the 64-volume Grosses Universal-Lexicon (published 1732–1759) of Johann Heinrich Zedler, who argued that death alone should not render people notable. James Wilson did all of Zoology, Dr. Hampden did all of Greek philosophy, and William Hosking contributed the excellent article Architecture. Games Movies TV Video. Since the early 1930s, the Britannica has developed several "spin-off" products to leverage its re… ", General Wood did not reply immediately but walked to his car. Again taken together with the eleventh edition, the new volumes became known as the thirteenth edition, which maintained the Britannica's tradition of illustrious contributors: Harry Houdini, Albert Einstein, Marie Curie, Sigmund Freud, Henry Ford, Leon Trotsky, Ferdinand Foch, Gustav Stresemann, Thomas G. Masaryk and Elihu Root. [25] Famous infringers of that era include the Philadelphian Joseph M. Stoddart, who employed a spy in the Britannica's own printshop, Neill and Company, in Edinburgh. The "Book of the Year" continues to be published even today.
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