Some of those who received piped water got it through illegal connections. [21], In 2005 the management contract in the copper mining area was terminated on the grounds that the privatized management did not perform better than publicly owned utilities. Residents were afraid to drink tap water and collected water from shallow wells or nearby streams.[24]. Proposals for tariff increases can be submitted in advance for a period of up to six years. Environmental problems in Zambia We use cookies to analyse how visitors use our website and to help us provide the best possible experience for users. The annual rainfall averages between 1400 mm in the north and gradually declines to 700 mm in the south. NWASCO reports to the Ministry of Energy and Water Development, not to the Ministry of Local Government and Housing that is in charge of sector policy. In 1992 the second commercial utility was established in Chipata. In 2015, 61% of the total population had access to an "at least basic water service", or 86% of the urban population and 44% of the rural population. They were initially reluctant to lose this source of income, because in a commercial utility all revenues were to be used to maintain the assets, to improve service quality and extend access. Author: A World Bank-supported study by Severn Trent conducted in 2002 recommended that a lease contract should be signed for Lusaka, but the government did not accept the recommendation. Then there is the Luangwa River in the east. The DTF financed water kiosks that provided access to clean water to 120,000 people at a cost of 643,455 Euro until 2006. Table 1 summarizes the water resources available for each of the eight basin countries. In 2006 it approved a EUR 32.8 million five–year (2006–2010) Water Sector Support Program, which includes water supply and sanitation in rural and peri-urban areas, as well as integrated water resources management. [17], Economic regulation of water supply and sanitation services is the task of the National Water Supply and Sanitation Council (NWASCO). In 1994 the new National Water Policy (see above) was approved by Cabinet and in 1997 the Water Supply and Sanitation Act was passed. The use of technologies more appropriate to local conditions, This page was last edited on 31 December 2020, at 17:08. The government of Frederick Chiluba (1991–2002) initiated liberal economic reforms. Please feel free to further update it if need be. Sanitation facilities have been built at schools and health posts, and measures to promote appropriate hygiene behavior have been supported. Feed the Future Innovation Lab for Food Security Policy Research Paper 146. According to the 1994 National Water Policy seven principles govern the state's policy in water and sanitation. In accordance with the Local Government Act, the National Water Policy and the Water Supply and Sanitation Act No. Water was resold from unmetered connections to neighbors. August 28, 2019 There were also a few standpipes in the areas that provided water for free, but not on a regular basis. [28] Denmark will end its support for the Zambian water sector in 2013. The main results indicate that temperature increases in Zambia are projected to reach 1.9o C and 2.3o C by 2050 and 2100, respectively. Reference to commercial products or trade names does not imply endorsement by MSU Extension or bias against those not mentioned. Tariff increases and approval procedures. The 4-H Name and Emblem have special protections from Congress, protected by code 18 USC 707. [18], NWASCO's is supported by water watch groups and part-time inspectors who monitor the quality of service on the ground. A 10-20cm layer of mulch can reduce watering needs by as much as 50 percent. Unlike the first two utilities, the new utilities were regional utilities grouping together the physical assets and personnel of several local authorities, usually in a single province. [29], Germany supports the water and sanitation sector in Zambia through financial cooperation carried out by KfW Development Bank and German Technical Cooperation carried out by GIZ. JICA provides grants for investments in groundwater development in Luapula Province (2008–2010), technical cooperation for the sustainable operation and maintenance of rural water supply (2007–2010) and capacity building for commercial utilities (2007–2009).[33]. This is the supreme law of the land and any laws inconsistent with the Constitution are null and void. Responsibilities in the sector are clearly separated between the Ministry of Local Government and Housing (policy), National Water Supply and Sanitation Council (economic regulation) and local government as well as commercial utilities owned by local government (service provision in urban areas). This article was last updated in December 2012, but not all parts of the article may be up to date. National Water Policy which promotes in-tegrated water resource management and resultant programmes such as the Water Re-sources Action Programme. The activities of the main public donors are listed below in alphabetical order. This study modeled the dominated water sources, including snowmelt water … without increasing access rates. Third, competition for the reduced available water resources will disadvantage the smallholder farmers. Water use can include water used and then returned to its source (renewable resource). NATURAL RESOURCES IN ZAMBIA Apart from its abundant wildlife, rivers, and lakes, Zambia holds 6% of the worlds copper reserves and is the fourth largest copper producing nation in the world. Staff per 1,000 connections varies between 7 and 17, thus indicating significant overstaffing, since national targets are less than 5 or 9 staff per 1,000 connections depending on the size of the utility. [23], Investment needs. It created the regulatory agency (NWASCO) and a Devolution Trust Fund (DTF) as a financing vehicle for low-income, peri-urban areas. [4], Tariff increases have to be approved by NWASCO based on tariff adjustment guidelines published, in their second and improved version, in 2005. [14], Drinking water quality. Using a water balance model in a hydrological modeling framework and statistical downscaling of future climate scenarios from the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, the paper simulates the impacts of climate change on water availability in Zambia’s main river basins from current periods until the end of the century in 2100. Zambia has over the years faced a number of challenges with regard to managing their water resources and these have resulted in inadequate supplies to meet various needs, pollution, inadequate information for decision making, inefficient use of the resource, inadequate financing and limited stakeholder awareness and participation. However, full cost recovery was far from being achieved and budget spending remained far below what is needed to achieve the Millennium Development Goals for the sector. The pools go by a variety of names: prairie potholes, whale wallows, hog wallows, sinks, and kettles. View our Cookie Policy . The country is also recognized internationally as a major producer of tourmaline, amethyst, and aquamarine. There is now a clear understanding that these challenges can be solved through applying the principles of integrated water resources management. As pointed out above, 98% of investments in the sector are financed by donors and NGOs. Vernal pools are a type of wetlands - sometimes resembling larger puddles. ZAMBIA — Home to almost 15 million people, Zambia is a landlocked country in southern Africa bordering Angola, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Tanzania, Malawi, Mozambique, Zimbabwe and Namibia.Like many nations in the region, water quality in Zambia does not meet the United Nation’s recent Sustainable Development Goals. July and August Weather in Zambia “Mid-winter”: the land is drying out and water is not so easy for animals to find. The Republic of Zambia is located in Southern Africa. The regulator NWASCO is financed through a 1-2% surcharge on water tariffs. The government has established a Devolution Trust Fund (DTF) to provide financing to increase access in poor urban areas through the use of low-cost technologies. [4], Wastewater treatment. At this time the current sector structure, consisting of regional commercial utilities and a national regulatory agency, gradually evolved. The kiosk operators buy piped water in bulk and sell it at a slightly higher regulated price of about 1 US Cent per 20 litres to users who carry the water in jerry cans to their homes. There is also need to improve rain water harvesting and storage by investing in more efficient reservoirs. Zambia has a tropical climate, high plateaus, broad plains, and river valleys. Meanwhile, the infrastructure deteriorated: Handpumps in rural areas broken down, and urban systems provided water without disinfection on an intermittent basis. It also has abundant wildlife, lakes, and rivers. The changes can be very large in systems that combine surface water and ground water sources. 1. Zambia has been experiencing adverse impacts of climate change - including an increase in frequency and severity of seasonal droughts, occasional dry spells, increased temperatures in valleys, flash floods and changes in the growing season. 3 of 2019. Tags: agrifood system transformation, c1-c2, climate change, cross-cutting-climate change, fsg research paper, fsp research paper, input use and market development, land, sustainable agricultural intensification, zambia, Feed the Future Innovation Lab for Food Security Policy Food Security Group. Zambia has one of the fastest growing populations in the world. The project emphasizes the participation of the population in the communities, especially of women. Black rhino is only present in North Luangwa and … Hay is not a good option because it contains seeds, which yields weeds and can become a problematic option. The Water Supply and Sanitation Development Group prepared a medium-term development strategy to implement during 1994–2003. There are also coordination groups for the three sub-sectors urban water supply and sanitation, rural water supply and sanitation as well as water resources management. [5] In 2010 the average operational cost recovery was 105%, varying from 46% to 130% in Mulonga. In 2012, a US$75 million loan from the EIB to the three commercial utilities in the Copperbelt was under appraisal. The share of household expenditures for water among the poor varied from 2.5% to 9.9% in 2002–03. Water resources are important for current and future socioeconomic development of any country. It oversees tariff adjustments, minimum service levels, financial projection and investment planning and corporate governance. [6] According to National Water and Sanitation Council director Kelvin Chitumbo, Zambia has achieved the Millennium Development Goal for drinking water, but is off track to reach the goal for sanitation. Notes: Years with missing data left empty. [21], The foundation for reforms was initially laid at the local level when the city of Lusaka created the country's first Commercial Utility (CU) in 1989. These findings have implications for smallholder irrigation development in Zambia. In particular, Zambezi, Kafue, and Luangwa River Basins are projected to have less water resources available due to reduced rainfall and higher temperatures . The commercial utilities paid to operate the system, but did not get any revenues. In fact, it is one of the main producers of semi-precious gemstones and cobalt. According to research, while it is common in Zambia to pay bribes for a connection to the electricity grid, this type of bribe is almost absent for water connections. [32], Concerning rural water supply, German aid is engaged in the Northwestern Province. Introduction. [8][9], In earlier years (2010), the figures were as follows: 61% of the population of Zambia had access to an improved source of water supply and 48% had access to adequate sanitation, according to UN data calculated on the basis of national surveys, including most recently the Demographic and Health Survey of 2007. [4], The capacity of the utilities differs considerably. It is estimated that only 1.5% of the annual renewable water resources are being used at present. The Ministry of Local Government and Housing is in charge of sector policies. [16] In 2010 the Southern utility with its seat in Choma was ranked first and the Chambeshi utility in the Northeast was ranked last. In September 2011 Michel Stata became President, who continued to pursue the established policies in the water sector. These include the Konkola Copper Mines, the Nakambala Sugar Estate and the Chilanga Cement Factory, among others.[21]. For metered users an increasing-block tariff is applied. Michigan State University Extension programs and materials are open to all without regard to race, color, national origin, gender, gender identity, religion, age, height, weight, disability, political beliefs, sexual orientation, marital status, family status or veteran status. Since 2004 DANIDA supports the Mulonga, Kafubu and Western Water and Sewerage companies. Unlike past studies done at national level, this study is at river basin level. Water supply was the responsibility of local authorities, with the exception of the mining belt where the state-owned copper company operated water systems for the settlements housing their employees. On the one hand, if the utility has not met previously agreed targets for the share of metered customers, water quality and service continuity the approved tariff will be lower than if the targets are met. UNICEF supports water supply projects in cooperation with the Maureen Mwanawasa Community Initiative, the wife of the late President Mwanawasa. Our aim was to investigate the water sources used by woody species under contrasting water availability and the extent of water-sources-use differentiation among dominant woody species in a tropical coastal dune forest. Water-rich countries like Angola, Mozambique, and Zambia are less reliant on surface water for irrigation, while Namibia receives scant rainfall and relies on groundwater for irrigation. It has more than 300 corporate and individual members. Also groundwater availability is unevenly distributed.[16]. On the other hand, if special efforts have been made to improve access, performance or efficiency, higher tariffs will be approved. The ‘Ecological Reserve means the quantity and quality of water required to protect aquatic ecosystems in order to secure ecologically sustainable development and use of the relevant water resource’.2 This is an allocation of water … [7] However, around 6 million people in Zambia still lack access to "at least basic water". They were ready to give up the piped water systems in the peri-urban areas, and the residents had given up the hope that the authorities would provide proper piped services. [11][12][13], Concerning sanitation, 29% of the urban population are connected to sewers and 30% are served by septic tanks or improved household-level latrines. The DHID has established a specific Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Unit (RWSSU) in 2003 and shortly thereafter also a unit for peri-urban water supply and sanitation. They fill small basins at the base of trees or or in natural depressions in the landscape with rainwater or snow melt. Ireland supports the Chambeshi commercial utility. [12], The Water and Sanitation Association of Zambia (WASAZA), created in 1999, provides training, promotes the exchange of experiences on good practices and aims at increasing public awareness. [15], According to the German Technical Cooperation, NWASCO is so successful that it "can serve as a role model for other countries in the region". Zambia’s high rate of child stunting (35 per cent) is in part a result of poor sanitation — research indicates that adequate sanitation can decrease the risk of stunting. [6], For sanitation, access rates in 2010 were only slightly higher for urban areas (57% according to national surveys, 54% according to the regulator in 2010) and rural areas (43% according to the UN). [23] The investments required for rural areas were estimated at US$260 million in the National Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Programme (2006–2015). Through the support of KfW 520 wells have been built or rehabilitated in eight Districts of the Eastern Provinces. Zambia has 19 national parks surrounded by 34 game management areas. The average level of non-revenue water in the commercial utilities operating in urban areas was estimated at about 44% in 2010, varying among utilities between 34% for the Northwest and 67% in Luapula. A large array of external public donors support the water and sanitation sector in Zambia. A Process of "tariff rationalization" began and significant tariff increases were implemented between 1992 and 1994, albeit starting from an extremely low level. Among the achievements are the creation of regional commercial utilities for urban areas to replace fragmented service provision by local governments; the establishment of a regulatory agency that has substantially improved the availability of information on service provision in urban areas; the establishment of a devolution trust fund to focus donor support on poor peri-urban areas; and an increase in the access to water supply in rural areas. [4], Unlike many other countries in the region Zambia has more than adequate water resources, although during the dry season water resources may be scarce, especially in the southern part of the country. While these figures are low, they are actually higher than the average access in Sub-Saharan Africa. [35], The World Bank assists the Lusaka Water and Sewerage Company (LWSC) with a US$ 23m Water Sector Performance Improvement Project approved in 2006. Rainfall is projected to decrease by about 3% by mid-century and only marginally by about 0.6% towards the end of the century across the country. Insights from Colombian and Zambian Water Regulation" (2011), Water supply and sanitation in Sub-Saharan Africa, Progress on Drinking Water, Sanitation and Hygiene: 2017 Update and SDG Baselines, Country Statistics and Country profiles for the WASH sector, 2017, "Urban and Peri-Urban Water Supply and Sanitation Sector Report 2010/11", "WHO/UNICEF Joint Monitoring Program for Water and Sanitation", Progress on sanitation and drinking water - 2015 update and MDG assessment, "Zambia is behind in meeting MDG on water - Chitumbo", GTZ:Water and sanitation sector reforms in Africa, 2008 p. 22-23, Wasser -elementar für Entwicklung. In fact, at Victoria Falls in 2012 there was a heavy ground frost that killed many banana trees! Urban tariffs for unmetered domestic users are set according to the category of housing (low, medium and high costs) for purposes of cross-subsidization. [11][30] GIZ has been active in strengthening the regulatory agency NWASCO, in setting up a sector information system, and in strengthening NWASCO's planning capabilities. The pilots were considered successful by the utilities and the residents, and the system was thus scaled up to other areas and cities nationwide. This has apparently reduced petty corruption and meter manipulation. Illegal connections disappeared and leakage was reduced, because the length of the pipes was reduced. Another 100 kiosks were expected to be added in 2009. Prior to the formation of the water supply and sanitation regulator, National Water Supply and Sanitation Council, NWASCO, regulation of water supply and sanitation services was not handled by an autonomous (or independent) agency but via ministerial oversight. But it was so deteriorated that it provided no more water at all or so infrequently, so that the residents had reverted to the use of water from other sources including contaminated rivers. Zambia has been regulating the water sector for the past six years. Issued in furtherance of MSU Extension work, acts of May 8 and June 30, 1914, in cooperation with the U.S. Department of Agriculture. Water supply in urban areas is intermittent, with an average supply of 16 hours per day in 2010. Following the example of other countries in the region during the 1970s and 1980s, such as neighboring Congo, Zambia considered the establishment of a National Water Authority with responsibility for water supply, sanitation and water resources management. This information is for educational purposes only. First, this implies that contingent on costs, current and future irrigation schemes will need to adopt more water efficient technologies such as overhead irrigation systems (e.g., center pivots and drip irrigation) as opposed to the prevalent surface irrigation methods. Stabilization ponds such as in Kaunda Square in Lusaka and Livingstone City are in Pollution from mines affects drinking water supply quality provided by the Mulonga and Nkana water and sewerage companies, where in some cases, the concentration of manganese was beyond treatable limits. There were about 170 water kiosks in Zambia in 2008, providing water to 200,000 people. No child should ever have to drink water from the same place as wild animals. This paper assesses the spatial and temporal distribution of water resources and the impacts of projected climate change on water resource availability, and draws implications for irrigation development in Zambia. Financial viability in the urban areas has improved with six of the nine licensed commercial utilities operating in Zambia reaching operational cost coverage by the end of 2006. In 2004 the DTF became operational and two pilot projects in peri-urban areas were initiated in the Itimpi area in Kitwe and the Maiteneke area in Chingola with a total of 11 kiosks supplying 16,000 people. The utility charged water tariffs and was a legally and financially autonomous public entity to be operated based on commercial principles. [4] According to one study, higher levels of cost recovery are impeded by a high level of non-revenue water (44% in 2010) and low collection efficiency due to a large extent to the non-payment of water bills by public institutions. However, Zambia's water resources are yet to be fully exploited for the benefit of its people to enhance their productive ability for improved livelihood. However, its effectiveness remains limited, among others because "the mechanisms for enforcing regulatory rules remain unclear". Generally, natural water quality varies from place to place, depending on seasonal variations, climatic changes and with soil types, rocks and surfaces through which it passes. Much of Zambia's drinking water infrastructure was built between independence in 1964 and the mid-1970s at a time when economic growth was strong and export earnings from copper mining were high. MSU is an affirmative-action, equal-opportunity employer, committed to achieving excellence through a diverse workforce and inclusive culture that encourages all people to reach their full potential. The only utility providing continuous supply in 2007 was in Chipata, while in 2010 the only utility that provided near continuous supply was the Northwestern Water and Sewerage Company. In 2000 NWASCO became operational. Policies to protect them against the large scale users are required. These changes in rainfall and temperature will reduce water availability by about 13% from current (observed) levels of about 97 km3 to about 84 km3 by the end of the century at national level. A similar contamination incident occurs in Chingola in 2006. This can range from pre-stocking of food and fresh water resources, to storing rainwater, providing in alternative energy sources (wind/solar), to minimizing the overuse of fresh water resources, and planting more drought resistant crops. It is also relevant to the Fifth National Development Plan and the 2030 Vision for Zambia and the Millen-nium Development Goals, all of which recog-nise the fact that the provision of safe drink- Water watch groups exist in 10 cities. There are significant regional differences across the country with regard to place and time when water is available. Varied Needs and Challenges. In 2011 Parliament passed a new water resources management law. Before 2006, shortages of safe drinking water in Zambia’s capital led to high instances of cholera and other water-borne diseases An IDA-financed project, launched in 2006, is rehabilitating Zambia’s water system and bringing clean water to many areas in and around the city An estimated 4.8 million Zambians lack regular access to clean water, and 6.6 million lack access to adequate sanitation facilities. By 2008 at least the first three principles had been put into practice. Nearly half the population live in urban areas and this is expected to grow. [5] Utility performance has constantly increased since NWASCO began its benchmarking exercise.[12]. More than 60% of poor households paid more than 3% of their expenditures on water. How these reservoirs should be managed to ensure equitable access to water resources and to reduce water loss due evapotranspiration requires further thought. Both areas already had a piped water infrastructure. Copper isn’t Zambia’s only rich natural resource. In 2011 there were eleven commercial utilities, each covering between 3 and 17 municipalities. Feed the Future Innovation Lab for Food Security Policy. Under that system all bills to the utility were paid, while before 75% of bills were not paid. However, those who preferred decentralized service provision prevailed and the proposal was shelved. The 6 private schemes that are run by commercial entities whose core business is not water supply that supply water to their employees for free. But the reform process only gathered steam in 1991 when the first democratic multi-party elections were held. There are still around 11 million people who lack access to at least basic sanitation. Actual investments were only a small fraction (8% of the low-cost scenario) of investment needs. Second, reduced water availability will increase access and irrigation costs, which in turn may reduce its profitability among smallholder farmers as they tend to have limited capital and capacity to adapt to higher cost structures. Zambia has a wide range of natural resources including copper, cobalt, silver, uranium, lead, coal, zinc, gold, and emerald. In 2004, the Zambian Gover… The regulator can exclude costs from the proposal if it considers them unjustified, but otherwise the regulator mostly has to follow specific calculations that are specified in the guidelines. East Lansing: Michigan State University. Donors coordinate their activities on the basis of a Joint Assistance Strategy covering all sectors and a Sector Advisory Group for the water sector. There was no national strategy for the sector, and the responsibility for the sector was fragmented among several Ministries. The fourth is Chambeshi River in northern Zambia. [25], Cost recovery. Many NGOs, such as CARE and WaterAid, also support the sector. A more recent pilot project for the construction of latrines is also being supported by Germany through the DTF. Chambeshi is a tributary of the Luapula River that gets its water from Lake Bangweulu, Zambia’s inland sea. The following are the sources of employment law in Zambia: a) The Constitution of the Republic of Zambia. To achieve this, the Government of Zambia in 1994 formulated National the Water Policy which led to significant changes in the water sector. a deplorable state and pose a serious environmental hazard. [22], In 2001, after the privatization of the state-owned mining company ZCCM, the responsibility for water supply and sanitation in the mining towns was entrusted to the private French water company SAUR under a management contract supported by the World Bank. South Luangwa, Lower Zambezi and Kafue are particularly good for leopard sightings, but wild dog and cheetah are harder to spot. 3. [23] However, this remained the only case of private sector participation in the Zambian water sector. In Nkana it supports water supply and sanitation under a project approved in 2008. WHichi was unusual. Fourth, water resources management and regulation need to be strengthened, for example by ensuring that water user rights and fees become mandatory, even among smallholder farmers. During a second incident in January 2008, at least 13 people in Mufulira in northern Zambia were admitted to hospital after drinking water alleged to have been contaminated by the nearby Mopani Copper Mines. The Kafue River is Zambia’s second longest river. The climate of Zambia in Central and Southern Africa is definitely tropical modified by altitude (elevation).In the Köppen climate classification, most of the country is classified as humid subtropical or tropical wet and dry, with small patches of semi-arid steppe climate in the south-west.. Zambia is the fourth largest copper producer in the world, and holds about 6% of global copper reserves. Using a water balance model in a hydrological modeling framework and statistical downscaling of future climate scenarios from the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, the paper simulates the impacts of climate change on water availability in Zambia’s main river basins from current periods until the end of the century in 2100.
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